{"id":77075,"date":"2025-01-28T17:33:21","date_gmt":"2025-01-28T16:33:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/balkangreenenergynews.com\/rs\/?p=77075"},"modified":"2025-01-28T17:33:21","modified_gmt":"2025-01-28T16:33:21","slug":"ekoloska-katastrofa-u-baja-mareu-25-godina-nakon-toksicnog-talasa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/balkangreenenergynews.com\/rs\/ekoloska-katastrofa-u-baja-mareu-25-godina-nakon-toksicnog-talasa\/","title":{"rendered":"Ekolo\u0161ka katastrofa u Baja Mareu: 25 godina nakon toksi\u010dnog talasa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pre 25 godina, dogodila se jedna od najve\u0107ih ekolo\u0161kih katastrofa u Evropi. Brana kod jalovi\u0161ta rudnika zlata kod rumunskog grada Baja Mare je pukla, oslobodiv\u0161i 100 hiljada kubnih metara vode zaga\u0111ene cijanidom i te\u0161kim metalima. Toksini no\u0161eni rekom Samo\u0161 zavr\u0161ili su u Tisi i Dunavu, uni\u0161tavaju\u0107i ekosisteme u \u010detiri zemlje.<\/h2>\n

Rudarska kompanija Aurul po\u010dela je sa radom u Rumuniji 1999. godine. U postrojenju za preradu se obra\u0111ivala jalovina preostala nakon ranijih rudarskih projekata ekstrakcije zlata<\/a> i srebra.<\/p>\n

Preuzimana je iz jalovi\u0161ta Meda, koje je sadr\u017ealo oko 4,43 miliona tona \u010dvrstog materijala sa prose\u010dnom koncentracijom zlata od 0,6 grama po toni. U planu je bila ponovna obrada jalovine sa jo\u0161 dva jalovi\u0161ta.<\/p>\n

Postrojenje za obradu plemenitih metala projektovano je sa kapacitetom obrade od 2,5 miliona tona godi\u0161nje. Proizvodilo bi pribli\u017eno 1,6 tona zlata i devet tona srebra godi\u0161nje.<\/p>\n

Polovinu vlasni\u0161tva nad fabrikom imala je australijska rudarska kompanija Esmeralda Exploration, vlada Rumunije 45 odsto, a drugi investitori pet procenata.<\/p>\n

Nakon ekstrakcije preostalog zlata, jalovina sadr\u017ei 400 miligrama cijanida po litru<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tehnologija koju je uveo Aurul oslanja se na visoke koncentracije cijanida u procesnim vodama za ekstrakciju plemenitih metala. Taj postupak je lu\u017eenje cijanidom. \u010cvrsti materijal se prvo drobi i melje do fine pra\u0161kaste forme. Stavlja se u rezervoare ili jame, gde se preliva rastvorom natrijum-cijanida ili kalijum-cijanida. Cijanid reaguje sa zlatom i rastvara ga u vodi. Nastala rastvorljiva jedinjenja zlata se odvajaju od \u010dvrstog otpada kroz procese kao \u0161to su filtracija ili gravitaciono odvajanje, a zlato procesom talo\u017eenja.<\/p>\n

Proces funkcioni\u0161e u zatvorenom krugu, pri \u010demu se voda koje sadr\u017ei cijanid ponovo koristi, nakon sedimentacije \u010dvrstih materija u jezeru Aurul. Jalovina nakon izdvajanja preostalog zlata sadr\u017ei 400 miligrama cijanida po litru.<\/p>\n

Da napomenemo, cijanid lako i brzo reaguje sa \u017eivim organizmima. Njegova velika toksi\u010dnost proizlazi iz ometanja osnovnih biolo\u0161kih procesa u \u0107elijama, a posebno disanje na \u0107elijskom nivou.<\/p>\n

Najve\u0107a ekolo\u0161ka katastrofa nakon \u010cernobilja<\/h3>\n

Najve\u0107a ekolo\u0161ka katastrofa nakon \u010cernobilja dogodila se 30. januara 2000. godine. Do\u0161lo je do pucanja brane na jezeru za talo\u017eenje jalovine Aurul. Tom prilikom iscurelo je oko 100 hiljada kubnih metara odlo\u017eene jalovine koja je u sebi sadr\u017eala izme\u0111u 50 i 100 tona cijanida kao i te\u0161ke metale, uklju\u010duju\u0107i bakar. Do pucanja brane do\u0161lo je zbog kombinacije propusta u\u010dinjenih jo\u0161 u izgradnji brane i nepovoljnih vremenskih uslova, konkretno brzog otapanja snega.<\/p>\n

Poplavni otrovni talas je do Crnog mora putovao \u010detiri nedelje. Rekama Lapo\u0161 i Samo\u0161 i Tisom je stigao u Srbiju i ulio se u Dunav.<\/p>\n

Povi\u0161ena koncentracija cijanida ugrozila je 62 vrste ribe, od kojih je 20 bilo za\u0161ti\u0107eno. Procenjeno je da je uginulo preko 1.200 tona ribe, a veliki delovi ekosistema u ovim rekama su uni\u0161teni.<\/p>\n

Zaga\u0111enje je dovelo u opasnost i neke od drugih ugro\u017eenih vrsta u Rumuniji, kao \u0161to su vidre i beloglavi orao.<\/p>\n

Tisa je podnela najve\u0107i teret katastrofe<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kada se cijanid izlio u reku Samo\u0161, testovi su pokazali da su koncentracije bile 700 puta ve\u0107e od dozvoljenog nivoa. Samo\u0161 se u Ma\u0111arskoj uliva u Tisu.<\/p>\n

Tisa, druga reka po du\u017eini u Ma\u0111arskoj, podnela je najve\u0107i teret katastrofe. Toksi\u010dni talas je zbrisao 80 odsto ekosistema Tise, ozbiljno ugroziv\u0161i \u017eivote, zdravlje i ekonomski opstanak poljoprivrednika koji \u017eive du\u017e njenog 960 kilometara dugog toka. Vi\u0161e od dva miliona ljudi u Ma\u0111arskoj privremeno je ostalo bez pristupa bezbednoj pija\u0107oj vodi.<\/p>\n

Reakcije i odgovornost<\/h3>\n

Bret Montgomeri, predsednik uprave Esmeralde, negirao je odgovornost, tvrde\u0107i da je \u0161teta od izlivanja „mnogo preuveli\u010dana“ i da je riba umirala u tolikom broju zbog nedostatka kiseonika izazvanog zamrzavanjem reke.<\/p>\n

Evropska unija i Ujedinjene nacije su posle istrage<\/a> zaklju\u010dile je da je uzrok katastrofe bilo neadekvatno projektovanje brane i da ona nije mogla da izdr\u017ei ekstremne vremenske uslove poput obilne ki\u0161e i topljenja velike koli\u010dine snega. Dalje, ukazano je na nedostatak nadzora i upravljanja tokom gradnje i rada postrojenja i neodgovaraju\u0107e planiranje skladi\u0161nog kapaciteta. \u0160ef radne grupe EU Tom Garvi izjavio je da je kompanija direktno odgovorna za ekolo\u0161ku katastrofu i da je „preko 100 tona cijanida uni\u0161tilo sve na svom putu“.<\/p>\n

Ma\u0111arska je u julu 2000. podnela od\u0161tetni zahtev u iznosu od 179 miliona dolara protiv kompanije Esmeralda Exploration. Me\u0111utim, ova je ubrzo nakon toga bankrotirala.<\/p>\n

Rumunske vlasti nisu preduzele ozbiljnije korake protiv firme Aurul. Nastavila je s radom nekoliko meseci nakon akcidenta, uz minimalne izmene u sigurnosnim merama.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pre 25 godina se dogodila se jedna od najve\u0107ih ekolo\u0161kih katastrofa u Evropi: kod rumunskog grada Baja Mare pukla je brana jezera za talo\u017eenje toksi\u010dne jalovine.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":77115,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[6230,6345,5921],"class_list":["post-77075","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zivotna-sredina","tag-cijanid","tag-rudarstvo","tag-zivotna-sredina","country-regioneu","country-rumunija"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEkolo\u0161ka katastrofa u Baja Mareu: 25 godina nakon toksi\u010dnog talasa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pre 25 godina se dogodila se jedna od 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